Foreword to the fourth edition
Acknowledgments
How to use this book?
Chapter 1 Planning studies: from design to publication
1.1 Organizing a Study
1.2 Stages of Scientific Investigation
1.3 Science Underlying Clinical Decision-Making
1.4 Why Do We Need Statistics?
1.5 Concepts in Study Design
1.6 Study Types
1.7 Convergence with Sample Size
1.8 Sampling Schemes in Observational Studies
1.9 Sampling Bias
1.10 Randomizing a Sample
1.11 How to Plan and Conduct a Study
1.12 Mechanisms to Improve Your Study Plan
1.13 Reading Medical Articles
1.14 Where Articles May Fall Short
1.15 Writing Medical Articles
1.16 Statistical Ethics in Medical Studies
1.17 Conclusion
Appendix to Chapter 1
Chapter 2 Planning analysis: how to reach my scientific objective
2.1 What Is in This Chapter
2.2 Notation (or Symbols)
2.3 Quantification and Accuracy
2.4 Data Types
2.5 Multivariable Concepts and Types of Adjustment Variables
2.6 How to Manage Data
2.7 Defining the Scientific Goal: Description, Association Testing, Prediction
2.8 Reporting Statistical Results
2.9 A First-Step Guide to Descriptive Statistics
2.10 An Overview of Association Testing
2.11 A Brief Discussion of Prediction Modeling
Chapter 3 Probability and relative frequency
3.1 Probability Concepts
3.2 Probability and Relative Frequency
3.3 Graphing Relative Frequency
3.4 Continuous Random Variables
3.5 Frequency Distributions for Continuous Variables
3.6 Probability Estimates From Continuous Distributions
3.7 Probability as Area Under the Curve
References
Chapter 4 Distributions
4.1 Characteristics of a Distribution
4.2 Greek Versus Roman Letters
4.3 What Is Typical
4.4 The Spread About the Typical
4.5 The Shape
4.6 Sampling Distribution of a Variable Versus a Statistic
4.7 Statistical Inference
4.8 Distributions Commonly Used in Statistics
4.9 Approximate Distribution of the Mean (Central Limit Theorem)
4.10 Approximate Distribution of a Sample Quantile
Chapter 5 Descriptive Statistics
5.1 Purpose of Descriptive Statistics
5.2 Numerical Descriptors, One Variable
5.3 Numerical Descriptors, Two Variables
5.4 Numerical Descriptors, Three Variables
5.5 Graphical Descriptors, One Variable
5.6 Graphical Descriptors, Two Variables
5.7 Graphical Descriptors, Three Variables
5.8 Principles of Informative Descriptive Tables and Figures
References
Chapter 6 Finding probabilities
6.1 Probability and Area Under the Curve
6.2 The Normal Distribution
6.3 The t Distribution
6.4 The Chi-Square Distribution
6.5 The F Distribution
6.6 The Binomial Distribution
6.7 The Poisson Distribution
References
Chapter 7 Hypothesis testing: concept and practice
7.1 Hypotheses in Inference
7.2 Error Probabilities
7.3 Two Policies of Testing
7.4 Distinguishing Between Statistical and Clinical Significance
7.5 Controversies Regarding the Rigid Use and Abuse of p-Values
7.6 Avoiding Multiplicity Bias
7.7 Organizing Data for Inference
7.8 Evolving a Way to Answer Your Data Question
Reference
Chapter 8 Tolerance, prediction, and confidence intervals
8.1 Overview
8.2 Tolerance Intervals for Patient Measurements
8.3 Concept of a Confidence Interval for a Parameter
8.4 Confidence Interval for a Population Mean, Known Standard Deviation
8.5 Confidence Interval for a Population Mean, Estimated Standard Deviation
8.6 Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion
8.7 Confidence Interval for a Population Median
8.8 Confidence Interval for a Population Variance or Standard Deviation
8.9 Confidence Interval for a Population Correlation Coefficient
References
Chapter 9 Tests on categorical data
9.1 Categorical Data Basics
9.2 Tests on Categorical Data: 2 × 2 Tables
9.3 The Chi-Square Test of Contingency
9.4 Fisher's Exact Test of Contingency
9.5 Tests on r × c Contingency Tables
9.6 Tests on Proportion
9.7 Tests of Rare Events (Proportions Close to Zero)
9.8 McNemar's Test: Matched Pair Test of a 2 × 2 Table
9.9 Cochran's Q: Matched Pair Test of a 2 × r Table
9.10 Three or More Ranked Samples With Two Outcome Categories: Royston's Ptrend Test
References
Chapter 10 Risks, odds, and receiver operating characteristic curves
10.1 Association Measures for Categorical Data: Risks and Odds
10.2 Inference for the Risk Ratio: The Log Risk Ratio Test
10.3 Inference for the Odds Ratio: The Log Odds Ratio Test
10.4 Receiver Operation Characteristic Curves
10.5 Comparing Two Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves
References
Chapter 11 Tests of location with continuous outcomes
11.1 Basics of Location Testing
11.2 Single or Paired Means: One-Sample Normal (z) and t Tests
11.3 Two Means Two-Sample Normal (z) and t Tests
11.4 Three or More Means: One-Factor Analysis of Variance
11.5 Three or More Means in Rank Order: Analysis of Variance Trend Test
11.6 The Basics of Nonparametric Tests
11.7 Single or Paired Sample Distribution(s): The Signed-Rank Test
11.8 Two Independent Sample Distributions: The Rank-Sum Test
11.9 Large Sample-Ranked Outcomes
11.10 Three or More Independent Sample Distributions: The Kruskal—Wallis Test
11.11 Three or More Matched Sample Distributions: The Friedman Test
11.12 Three or More Ranked Independent Samples With Ranked Outcomes: Cusick's Nptrend Test
11.13 Three or More Ranked Matched Samples With Ranked Outcomes: Page's L Test
11.14 Potential Drawbacks to Using Nonparametric Tests
Reference
Chapter 12 Equivalence testing
12.1 Concepts and Terms
12.2 Basics Underlying Equivalence Testing
12.3 Choosing a Noninferiority or Equivalence Margin
12.4 Methods for Noninferiority Testing
12.5 Methods for Equivalence Testing
12.6 Joint Difference and Equivalence Testing
References
Chapter 13 Tests on variability and distributions
13.1 Basics of Tests on Variability
13.2 Testing Variability on a Single Sample
13.3 Testing Variability Between Two Samples
13.4 Testing Variability Among Three or More Samples
13.5 Basics on Tests of Distributions
13.6 Test of Normality of a Distribution
13.7 Test of Equality of Two Distributions
References
Chapter 14 Measuring association and agreement
14.1 What Are Association and Agreement?
14.2 Contingency as Association
14.3 Correlation as Association
14.4 Contingency as Agreement
14.5 Correlation as Agreement
14.6 Agreement Among Ratings: Kappa
14.7 Agreement Among Multiple Rankers
14.8 Reliability
14.9 Intraclass Correlation
References
Chapter 15 Linear regression and correlation
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Regression Concepts and Assumptions
15.3 Simple Regression
15.4 Assessing Regression: Tests and Confidence Intervals
15.5 Deming Regression
15.6 Types of Regression
15.7 Correlation Concepts and Assumptions
15.8 Correlation Coefficients
15.9 Correlation as Related to Regression
15.10 Assessing Correlation: Tests and Confidence Intervals
15.11 Interpretation of Small-But-Significant Correlations
References
Chapter 16 Multiple linear and curvilinear regression and multifactor analysis of variance
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Multiple Linear Regression
16.3 Model Diagnosis and Goodness of Fit
16.4 Accounting for Heteroscedasticity
16.5 Curvilinear Regression
16.6 Two-Factor Analysis of Variance
16.7 Analysis of Covariance
16.8 Three-Way and Higher Way Analysis of Variance
16.9 Concepts of Experimental Design
References
Chapter 17 Logistic regression for binary outcomes
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Extensions of Contingency Table Analyses Simple Logistic Regression
17.3 Multiple Logistic Regression Model Specification and Interpretation
17.4 Inference for Association Parameters
17.5 Model Diagnostics and Goodness-of-Fit
References
Chapter 18 Poisson regression for count outcomes
18.1 Introduction
18.2 The Poisson Distribtution
18.3 Means Versus Rates
18.4 Inference for the Rate of a Poisson Random Variable
18.5 Comparing Poisson Rates From Two Independent Samples
18.6 The Simple Poisson Regression Model
18.7 Multiple Poisson Regression: Model Specification and Interpretation
18.8 Obtaining Predicted Rates
18.9 Inference for Association Parameters
Reference
Chapter 19 Analysis of censored time-to-event data
19.1 Survival Concepts
19.2 Censoring
19.3 Survival Estimation: Life Table Estimates and Kaplan—Meier Curves
19.4 Survival Testing: The Log-Rank Test
19.5 Adjusted Comparison of Survival Times: Cox Regression
References
Chapter 20 Analysis of repeated continuous measurements over time
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Distinguishing Longitudinal Data From Time-Series Data
20.3 Analysis of Longitudinal Data
20.4 Time-Series:
References
Chapter 21 Sample size estimation
21.1 Issues in Sample Size Considerations
21.2 Is the Sample Size Estimate Adequate
21.3 The Concept of Power Analysis
21.4 Sample Size Methods
21.5 Test on One Mean (Normal Distribution)
21.6 Test on Two Means (Normal Distribution)
21.7 Tests When Distributions Are Nonnormal or Unknown
21.8 Test With No Objective Prior Data
21.9 Confidence Intervals on Means
21.10 Test of One Proportion (One Rate)
21.11 Test of Two Proportions (Two Rates)
21.12 Confidence Intervals on Proportions (On Rates)
21.13 Test on a Correlation Coefficient
21.14 Tests on Ranked Data
21.15 Variance Tests, Analysis of Variance, and Regression
21.16 Equivalence Tests
21.17 Number Needed to Treat or Benefit
References
Chapter 22 Clinical trials and group sequential testing
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Fundamentals of Clinical Trial Design
22.3 Reducing Bias in Clinical Trials Blinding and Randomization
22.4 Interim Analyses in Clinical Trials: Group Sequential Testing
References
Chpater 23 Epidemiology
23.1 The Nature of Epidemiology
23.2 Some Key Stages in the History of Epidemiology
23.3 Concept of Disease Transmission
23.4 Descriptive Measures
23.5 Types of Epidemiologic Studes
23.6 Retrospective Study Designs: The Case—Control Study Design
23.7 The Nested Case—Control Study Design
23.8 The Case—Cohort Study Design
23.9 Methods to Analyze Survival and Causal Factors
23.10 A historical note
References
Chapter 24 Meta-analyses
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Publication Bias in Meta-analyses
24.3 Fixed- and Random-Effects Estimates of the Pooled Effect
24.4 Tests for Heterogeneity of Estimated Effects Across Studies
24.5 Reporting the Results of a Meta-analysis
24.6 Further References
References
Chapter 25 Bayesian statistics
25.1 What Is Bayesian Statistics
25.2 Bayesian Concepts
25.3 Describing and Testing Means
25.4 On Parameters Other Than Means
25.5 Describing and Testing a Rate (Proportion)
25.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 26 Questionnaires and surveys
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Surveys
26.3 Questionnaires
Chapter 27 Techniques to Aid Analysis
27.1 Interpreting Results
27.2 Significance in Interpretation
27.3 Post Hoc Confidence and Power
27.4 Multiple Tests and Significance
27.5 Bootstrapping, Resampling, and Simulation
27.6 Bland-Altman Plot: A Diagnostic Tool
27.7 Cost Effectiveness
References
Chapter 28 Methods you might meet, but not every day
28.1 Overview
28.2 Analysis of Variance Issues
28.3 Regression Issues
28.4 Rates and Proportions Issues
28.5 Multivariate Methods
28.6 Markov Chains: Following Multiple States through Time
28.7 Markov Chain Monte Carlo: Evolving Models
28.8 Markov Chain Monte Carlo: Stationary Models
28.9 Further Nonparametric Tests
28.10 Imputation of Missing Data
28.11 Frailty Models in Survival Analysis
28.12 Bonferroni "Correction"
28.13 Logit and Probit
28.14 Adjusting for Outliers
28.15 Curve Fitting to Data
28.16 Sequential Analysis
28.17 Another Test of Normality
28.18 Data Mining
28.19 Data Science and The Relationship Among Statistics, Machine Learning, and Artificial Intelligence
References
Appendix 1: Answers to exercises: Final
Appendix 2: Databases
Appendix 3: Tables of probability distributions
Appendix 4: Symbol index
Statistical Subject Index
Medical Suject Index
