Statistics for Social Understanding: With Stata and SPSS |
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Comment from the Stata technical groupStatistics for Social Understanding: With Stata and SPSS, by Nancy Whittier, Tina Wildhagen, and Howard J. Gold, provides an excellent introduction to statistics for students in the social sciences. The authors use real data and pose real-world questions to provide both a conceptual and applied understanding. Readers can then apply their understanding by going through the practice problems designed for both Stata and SPSS users. The use of current topics like social media makes this text engaging and relatable. Guided by their experience as instructors and firsthand interactions with students, the authors thoroughly explain each concept, paying careful attention to the topics their students have struggled with. The text begins with descriptive statistics and an introduction to both Stata and SPSS software. Then, fundamental statistical concepts such as probabilities and distributions are discussed, paving the way for elements of inferential statistics. This includes one- and two-sample hypothesis tests, errors, confidence intervals, and analysis of variance. In the final chapters, special attention is paid to causality, control variables, and multiple regression. Students and instructors will benefit from this text and its supplementary material. Each chapter concludes with a summary and instructions on how to perform the statistical analyses discussed using both Stata and SPSS. Students can then test their understanding with the conceptual and software-specific practice problems. The material on the companion website provides discussion questions and flashcards for students and suggested activities, lecture notes, and more for instructors. |
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Table of contentsView table of contents >> Preface
About the Authors
Chapter 1 Introduction
Why Study Statistics?
Research Questions and the Research Process Pinning Things Down: Variables and Measurement Units of Analysis Measurement Error: Validity and Reliability Levels of Measurement Causation: Independent and Dependent Variables Getting the Data: Sampling and Generalizing
Sampling Methods
Sources of Secondary Data: Existing Data Sets, Reports, and "Big Data"
Big Data
Growth Mindset and Math AnxietyUsing This Book Statistical Software Chapter Summary Using Stata Using SPSS Practice Problems Notes Chapter 2 Getting to Know Your Data
Frequency Distributions
Percentages and Proportions Cumulative Percentage and Percentile Percent Change Rates and Ratios
Rates
Working with Frequency Distribution TablesRatios
Missing Values
Graphical Displays of a Single Variable: Bar Graphs, Pie Charts, Histograms, Stem-and-Leaf Plots, and Frequency PolygonsSimplifying Tables by Collapsing Categories
Bar Graphs and Pie Charts
Time Series ChartsHistograms Stem-and-Leaf-Plots Frequency Polygons Comparing Two Groups on the Same Variable Using Tables, Graphs, and Charts Chapter Summary Using Stata Using SPSS Practice Problems Notes Chapter 3 Examining Relationships between Two Variables
Cross-Tabulations and Relationships between Variables
Independent and Dependent Variables
Interpreting the Strength of RelationshipsColumn, Row, and Total Percentages Interpreting the Direction of Relationships Graphical Representations of Bivariate Relationships Chapter Summary Using Stata Using SPSS Practice Problems Notes Chapter 4 Typical Values in a Group
What Does It Mean to Describe What Is Typical?
Mean Median Mode Finding the Mode, Median, and Mean in Frequency Distributions Choosing the Appropriate Measure of Central Tendency Median Versus Mean Income Chapter Summary Using Stata Using SPSS Practice Problems Notes Chapter 5 The Diversity of Values in a Group
Range
Interquartile Range Standard Deviation Using the Standard Deviation to Compare Distributions Comparing Apples and Oranges Skewed Versus Symmetric Distributions Chapter Summary Using Stata Using SPSS Practice Problems Notes Chapter 6 Probability and the Normal Distribution
The Rules of Probability
The Addition Rule
Probability DistributionsThe Complement Rule The Multiplication Rule with Independence The Multiplication Rule without Independence Applying the Multiplication Rule with Independence to the "Linda" and "Birth-Order" Probability Problems
The Normal Distribution
Standardizing Variables and Calculating z-ScoresChapter Summary Using Stata Using SPSS Practice Problems Notes Chapter 7 From Sample to Population
Repeating Sampling, Sample Statistics, and the Population Parameter
Sampling Distributions Finding the Probability of Obtaining a Specific Sample Statistic
Estimating the Standard Error from a Known Population Standard Deviation
The Impact of Sample Size on the Standard ErrorFinding and Interpreting the z-Score for Sample Means Finding and Interpreting the z-Score for Sample Proportions Chapter Summary Using Stata Using SPSS Practice Problems Notes Chapter 8 Estimating Population Parameters
Inferential Statistics and the Estimation of Population Parameters
Confidence Intervals Manage Uncertainty through Margins of Error Certainty and Precision of Confidence Intervals Confidence Intervals for Proportions
Constructing a Confidence Interval for Proportions: Examples
Confidence Intervals for Means
The t-Distribution
The Relationship between Sample Size and Confidence Interval RangeCalculating Confidence Intervals for Means: Examples The Relationship between Confidence Level and Confidence Interval Range Interpreting Confidence Intervals How Big a Sample? Assumptions for Confidence Intervals Chapter Summary Using Stata Using SPSS Practice Problems Notes Chapter 9 Differences between Samples and Populations
The Logic of Hypothesis Testing
Null Hypotheses (H0) and Alternative Hypotheses (Ha)
Hypothesis Tests for ProportionsOne-Tailed and Two-Tailed Tests
The Steps of the Hypothesis Test
One-Tailed and Two-Tailed TestsHypothesis Tests for Means
Example: Testing a Claim about a Population Mean
Error and Limitations: How Do We Know We Are Correct?
Type I and Type II Errors
What Does Statistical Significance Really Tell Us? Statistical and Practical SignificanceChapter Summary Using Stata Using SPSS Practice Problems Notes Chapter 10 Comparing Groups
Two-Sample Hypothesis Tests
The Logic of the Null and Alternative Hypotheses in Two-Sample Tests
Hypothesis Tests for Differences between MeansNotation for Two-Sample Tests The Sampling Distribution for Two-Sample Tests Confidence Intervals for Differences between Means Hypothesis Tests for Differences between Proportions Confidence Intervals for Differences between Proportions Statistical and Practical Significance in Two-Sample Tests Chapter Summary Using Stata Using SPSS Practice Problems Notes Chapter 11 Testing Mean Differences among Multiple Groups
Comparing Variation within and between Groups
Hypothesis Testing Using ANOVA Analysis of Variance Assumptions The Steps of an ANOVA Test Determining Which Means Are Different: Post-Hoc Tests ANOVA Compared to Repeated t-Tests Chapter Summary Using Stata Using SPSS Practice Problems Notes Chapter 12 Testing the Statistical Significance of Relationships in Cross-Tabulations
The Logic of Hypothesis Testing with Chi-Square
The Steps of a Chi-Square Test Size and Direction of Effects: Analysis of Residuals Example: Gender and Perceptions of Health Assumptions of Chi-Square Statistical Significance and Sample Size Chapter Summary Using Stata Using SPSS Practice Problems Notes Chapter 13 Ruling Out Competing Explanations for Relationships between Variables
Criteria for Causal Relationships
Modeling Spurious Relationships Modeling Non-Spurious Relationships Chapter Summary Using Stata Using SPSS Practice Problems Notes Chapter 14 Describing Linear Relationships between Variables
Correlation Coefficients
Calculating Correlation Coefficients
Scatterplots: Visualizing CorrelationsRegression: Fitting a Line to a Scatterplot The "Best-Fitting" Line Slope and Intercept
Calculating the Slope and Intercept
Goodness-of-Fit Measures
R-Squared (r2)
Dichotomous ("Dummy") Independent VariablesStandard Error of the Estimate Multiple Regression Statistical Inference for Regression
The F-Statistic
Assumptions of RegressionStandard Error of the Slope Chapter Summary Using Stata Using SPSS Practice Problems Notes Solutions to Odd-Numbered Practice Problems
Glossary
Appendix A Normal Table Appendix B Table of t-Values Appendix C F-Table, for Alpha = .05 Appendix D Chi-Square Table Appendix E Selected List of Formulas Appendix F Choosing Tests for Bivariate Relationships Index |
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